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Kalahari Manganese Field

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Path to the site

Südafrika / Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz / Kalahari Manganese Field

Exposure description

Gruben (untertägig)

Geology

Mangan-Vererzungen.

Mineralienatlas short URL

https://www.mineralatlas.eu/?l=1298
Please feel free to link to this location

Shortened path specification

Kalahari Manganese Field, Nordkap, ZA
Useful for image descriptions and collection inscriptions

Important: Before entering this or any other place of discovery you should have a permission of the operator and/or owner. Likewise it is to be respected that necessary safety precautions are kept during the visit.

Other languages

German

Kalahari Manganese Field

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German

Südafrika / Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz / Kalahari Manganese Field

English

South Africa / Northern Cape / Kalahari Manganese Field

Additional Functions

Images from localities (5 Images total)

Prospektionsgebiet auf der Farm Smart 314
Views (File:
1182962636
): 1918
Prospektionsgebiet auf der Farm Smart 314
Kalahari Mangan Felder
Copyright: inpart.ch; Contribution: Klinoklas
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field
Image: 1182962636
Rating: 8 (votes: 1)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Prospektionsgebiet auf der Farm Smart 314

Kalahari Mangan Felder

Copyright: inpart.ch
Contribution: Klinoklas 2007-06-27
Bohrung auf der Farm Rissik 330
Views (File:
1182962433
): 1871
Bohrung auf der Farm Rissik 330
Kalahari Mangan Felder
Copyright: inpart.ch; Contribution: Klinoklas
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field
Image: 1182962433
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Bohrung auf der Farm Rissik 330

Kalahari Mangan Felder

Copyright: inpart.ch
Contribution: Klinoklas 2007-06-27
Zutage tretendes Mn (Farm Smart 314)
Views (File:
1182962787
): 1971
Zutage tretendes Mn (Farm Smart 314)
Kalahari Mangan Felder
Copyright: inpart.ch; Contribution: Klinoklas
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field
Image: 1182962787
Rating: 8 (votes: 1)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Zutage tretendes Mn (Farm Smart 314)

Kalahari Mangan Felder

Copyright: inpart.ch
Contribution: Klinoklas 2007-06-27
N'Chwaning
Views (File:
1257351907
): 2364
N'Chwaning
Traum aller Mineralienaammler : das Manganbergwerk von N'Chwaning
Copyright: giantcrystal; Contribution: Stefan
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Kuruman/N'Chwaning Mines (NChwaning Mines)
Image: 1257351907
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
N'Chwaning

Traum aller Mineralienaammler : das Manganbergwerk von N'Chwaning

Copyright: giantcrystal
Contribution: Stefan 2009-11-04
Smartt Mine
Views (File:
1257351854
): 599
Smartt Mine
Neuer Tagebaubetrieb in der früheren Smartt Mine
Copyright: giantcrystal; Contribution: Stefan
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Smartt Mine
Image: 1257351854
Rating: 9 (votes: 1)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Smartt Mine

Neuer Tagebaubetrieb in der früheren Smartt Mine

Copyright: giantcrystal
Contribution: Stefan 2009-11-04

You find additional specimen at the Geolitho Museum

Detailed Description

Ein besonders schöner und gut ausgebildeter Sturmanit-Kristall (selten transparent) von ca. 4 mm Größe. Gefunden in N'Chwaning, Kalahari Mangan Felder, Süd Afrika

Sammlung & Foto: Christian Rewitzer

Allgemeines

Die Manganlagerstätten der Kalahari Manganese Fields (KMF) liegen südlich der Großen Kalahari-Wüste in der Northern Cape Provinz von Südafrika, ca. 60 km nordwestlich des Städtchens Kuruman und ca. 700 km südwestlich von Johannesburg. Sie erstrecken sich ost-westlich über 17 km und nord-südlich über 45 km.

Die Manganvorkommen wurden erstmals 1907 beschrieben, jedoch erst in den 1940er Jahren eingehend exploriert (wenngleich der Abbau von Mn-Erz bereits 1935-1940 in der jetzt aufgelassenen Grube Black Rock betrieben wurde). N'Chwaning wurde 1972 begonnen.

Die KMF stehen für 80 % der weltweiten hochgradigen Manganerz-Reserven, sind der weltweit größte Produzent von Mangan und decken zur Zeit ca. 20 % des Weltbedarfs.


Mineralien

Die Kalahari Manganese Fields gehören aufgrund ihrer Vielzahl seltener Mineralien sowie weltbestem Rhodochrosit, Hausmannit, Hämatit, Ettringit, Kutnohorit, Inesit, Sturmanit u.a. zu den klassischen Mineralvorkommen. Typmineralien sind Effenbergerit, Hennomartinit, Holtstamit, Kornit, N'Chwaningit, Manganvesuvianit, Poldervaartit, Sturmanit, Tweddillit, Vonbezingit.



Die einzelnen Gruben der KMF sind (in Klammern die Betreiber-Unternehmen)

  • Adams Mine
  • Black Rock Mine
  • Devon Mine
  • Gloria Mine (Assmang)
  • Hotazel Mine
  • Langdon Annex
  • Wessels Mine (Semancor)
  • Mawatman Mine (Semancor)


Mineral images (690 Images total)

Ettringit
Views (File:
1149021025
): 548
Ettringit
Größe ca. 3 cm; Fundort Northern Cape, Kuruman Hotalzel, N´Chwaning, RSA
Copyright: Hg; Contribution: Hg
Collection: Hg
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Kuruman/N'Chwaning Mines (NChwaning Mines)
Mineral: Ettringite
Image: 1149021025
Rating: 8 (votes: 2)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Ettringit

Größe ca. 3 cm; Fundort Northern Cape, Kuruman Hotalzel, N´Chwaning, RSA

Collection: Hg
Copyright: Hg
Contribution: Hg 2006-05-30
More   MF 
Hennomartinite, Sugilite
Views (File:
1513523133
): 639
Hennomartinite, Sugilite
Sony Alpha 7R ii, bellows, Mitutoyo M Plan 20x, aperture, Raynox DCR-250 retro, Stack-Master linear actor, stack shot control. Brown Hennomartinite sprays among violet Sugilite crystals. Collection and photo Stephan Wolfsried 5/2016; Locality: Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari manganese field, Northern Cape Province, South Africa; Fov: 2 mm;
Copyright: Stephan Wolfsried; Contribution: Stefan
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Hotazel/Wessel's Mine (Wessels Mine)
Mineral: Hennomartinite
Image: 1513523133
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Hennomartinite, Sugilite

Sony Alpha 7R ii, bellows, Mitutoyo M Plan 20x, aperture, Raynox DCR-250 retro, Stack-Master linear actor, stack shot control. Brown Hennomartinite sprays among violet Sugilite crystals. Collection...

Copyright: Stephan Wolfsried
Contribution: Stefan 2017-12-17
More   MF 
Ferrobustamit
Views (File:
1100513954
): 1376
Ferrobustamit
Rotbraune derbe Massen von Ferrosbustamit mit lila Sugilith; Stufengröße: 4,2 x 3,5 cm,; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Northern Cape, Kuruman, Südafrika
Copyright: McSchuerf; Contribution: Mineralienatlas
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Hotazel/Wessel's Mine (Wessels Mine)
Mineral: Ferrobustamite
Image: 1100513954
Rating: 5.5 (votes: 2)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Ferrobustamit

Rotbraune derbe Massen von Ferrosbustamit mit lila Sugilith; Stufengröße: 4,2 x 3,5 cm,; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Northern Cape, Kuruman, Südafrika

Copyright: McSchuerf
Contribution: Mineralienatlas 2004-11-15
More   MF 
Calcit, Kutnohorit
Views (File:
1311530415
): 588
Calcit, Kutnohorit
Größe: 26x22x11 mm; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganfelder, Provinz Nordkap, Südafrika
Copyright: Rob Lavinsky; Contribution: Philip Blümner
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Hotazel/Wessel's Mine (Wessels Mine)
Mineral: Calcite, Kutnohorite
Image: 1311530415
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Calcit, Kutnohorit

Größe: 26x22x11 mm; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganfelder, Provinz Nordkap, Südafrika

Copyright: Rob Lavinsky
Contribution: Philip Blümner 2011-07-24
More   MF 
Xonotlit, Marienglas
Views (File:
1311877895
): 3954
Xonotlit, Marienglas
mit Inesit; Größe: 48x42x22 mm; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganfelder, Provinz Nordkap, Südafrika
Copyright: Rob Lavinsky; Contribution: Philip Blümner
Location: Südafrika/Nordkap (Northern Cape), Provinz/Kalahari Manganese Field/Hotazel/Wessel's Mine (Wessels Mine)
Mineral: Selenite (Gypsum), Xonotlite
Image: 1311877895
Rating: 7.5 (votes: 2)
License: Usage for Mineralienatlas project only
Xonotlit, Marienglas

mit Inesit; Größe: 48x42x22 mm; Fundort: Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganfelder, Provinz Nordkap, Südafrika

Copyright: Rob Lavinsky
Contribution: Philip Blümner 2011-07-28
More   MF 

Minerals (Count: 188)

Rocks (Count: 9)

External links

Gutzmer, J. & Cairncross, B. (2002). Spectacular Minerals from the Kalahari Manganese Field, S Africa. Rocks & Min., Vol.77, H.2, S.94-107.

Reference- and Source indication, Literature

Literatur

  • Du Toit, A.L. (1956): The geology of South Africa.
  • De Villiers, P.R. (1970). The geology and mineralogy of the Kalahari manganese-field north of Sishen, Cape Province. Memoir of the Geological Survey of South Africa, No. 59, 84 S.
  • S.A. Manganese Corporation SAMCOR Ltd. (1977). Kalahari Wealth, the Story of Manganese. Purnell, Cape Town, 174 S.
  • Wilson, W.E. & Dunn, P.J. (1978): Famous mineral localities: The Kalahari Manganese Field (Cape Province, S Africa). Min.Rec.:9, S.137-153.
  • Wilson, W.E. & Dunn, P.J. (1978). Kalahari: Die Manganerzvorkommen der Kalahari. Lapis, Jg.3, Nr.10, S.29-37.
  • Kleyenstüber, A.S.E. (1982). A review of the geology and mining of the Kalahari manganese field. In: Glen, H.W. (ed.). Proc., 12th CMMI Congress. Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg, 213–20.
  • Pienaar, H.S. (1982). Gem quality friedelite from the Kalahari manganese field near Kuruman, South Africa. Gems and Gemology, 18, 221–24.
  • Giovanoli, R. (1984). Lapis Aktuell: Manganmineralien. Lapis, Jg.9, Nr.9, S.6.
  • Hochleitner, R. (1986). Sturmanit und Ettringit aus den Kalahari-Manganfeldern. Lapis, Jg.11, Nr.10, S.19-24.
  • Miyano, T. and Beukes, N.J. (1987). Physicochemical environments for the formation of quartz-free manganese oxide ores from the Early Proterozoic Hotazel Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Econ. Geol., 82, 706–18.
  • Miyano, T. and Beukes, N.J. (1988). Estimation of carbon dioxide fugacity and braunite II stability in quartz-free manganese oxide ores from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. South African J. Science, 84, 244–46.
  • Von Bezing, K.L., Dixon, R.D., Pohl, D. & Cavallo, G. (1991). The Kalahari Manganese Field: An Update. Min. Rec., Vol.22, H.4, S.279-97.
  • Kleyenstüber, A.S.E. (1993). Some significant characteristics of the manganese ores and some of the minerals occurring in the Proterozoic Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Resource Geology, 17, 2–11
  • Bezing, L.v. & Gutzmer, J. (1994). Das Kalahari Manganerzfeld und seine Mineralien (I). Min.-Welt, Jg.5, Nr.4, S.24-45.
  • Bezing, L.v. & Gutzmer, J. (1994). Das Kalahari Manganerzfeld und seine Mineralien (II). Min.-Welt. Jg.5, Nr.5, S.41-59.
  • Hoffmann, C. & Armbruster, T. (1995). Crystal structure of a (001) twinned sussexite Mn2B2O4(OH)2 from the Kalahari Manganese Field S Africa. Schweiz. Min. Petrogr. Mitt., 75, S.123-33.
  • Cairncross, B. and R. Dixon (1995). Minerals of South Africa.
  • Cornell, D.H. and Schütte, S.S. (1995). A volcanic-exhalative origin for the world’s largest (Kalahari) manganese field. Min. Depos., 30, 146–51.
  • Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J. (1995). Fault controlled metasomatic alteration of Early Proterozoic sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Econ. Geol., 90, 823–44.
  • Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., Kleyenstüber, A.S.E. and Burger, A.M. (1995). Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine, 59, 703–716.
  • Gutzmer, J. (1996). Genesis and alteration of the Kalahari and Postmasburg manganese deposits, Griqualand West, South Africa (Doct. diss., Rand Afrikaans Univ.).
  • Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J. (1996). Mineral paragenesis of the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Ore Geol. Rev., 11, 405–28.
  • Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J. and Yeh, H-W. (1997). Metasomatic and supergene fault-controlled alteration of Early Proterozoic sedimentary manganese ore at Mamatwan Mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. South African J. Geol., 100, 53–71.
  • Tsikos, H. and Moore, J.M. (1997). Petrography and geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Iron-Manganese Formation, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa: Implications for Precambrian manganese metallogenesis. Econ. Geol., 92, 87–97.
  • Cairncross, B., Beukes, N. & Gutzmer, J. (1997): The manganese adventure - the South African manganese fields.
  • Tsikos, H. and Moore, J.M. (1998). The Kalahari manganese field: An enigmatic association of iron and manganese. South African J. Geol., 101, 287–90.
  • Lüders, V., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J. (1999). Formation of high-grade manganese ores in the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa: Evidence from fluid inclusions studies in co-genetic iron and manganese oxides, and gangue minerals. In: Stanley et al. (ed.). Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Balkema, Rotterdam, 55–58.
  • Cairncross, B. & Gutzmer, J. (2000). Spektakuläre Mineralien aus dem Kalahari-Manganerzfeld, Südafrika. Lapis, Jg.25, Nr.10, S.13-26.
  • Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J. (2000). Asbestiform manjiroite and todorokite from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. South African J. Geol., 103, 163–74.
  • Steyn, P.H.R. (2000). Changing tides: the story of ASSMANG. Associated Manganese Mines of South Africa, Johannesburg, 274 S.
  • Gutzmer, J. & Cairncross, B. (2001). Seltene Mineralien aus dem Kalahari-Manganerzfeld, Südafrika. Lapis, Jg.26, Nr.10, S.31-42.
  • Evans, D.A.D., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., Kirschvink, J.L. (2001). Paleomagnetic constraints on ages of mineralization in the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Econ. Geol., 96, 621–31.
  • Gutzmer, J. & Cairncross, B. (2002). Spectacular Minerals from the Kalahari Manganese Field, S Africa. Rocks & Min., Vol.77, H.2, S.94-107.
  • Tsikos, H., Beukes, N.J., Moore, J.M. and Harris, C., (2003). Deposition, diagenesis and secondary enrichment of metals in the Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Iron Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Econ. Geol., 98, 1149–1462.
  • Cairncross, B. and Balayer, P. (2007). Neufund: Shigait aus den Kalahari-Manganfeldern, Südafrika. Lapis, 32, 23–26.
  • Gutzmer, J., Du Plooy, A.P. and Beukes, N.J. (2012). Timing of supergene enrichment of low-grade manganese ores in the Kalahari Manganese Field South Africa. Ore Geol. Rev., 47, 136-53.
  • Cairncross, B., Beukes, N. J. (2013): The Kalahari Manganese Adventure – The Adventure Continues. Random House Struik, Capetown, Rep. South Africa, 384 S.
  • Vafeas, N.A. (2016). Petrography and Geochemistry of the Hotazel Formation on Mukulu 265, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape Province. MSc. Diss., Univ. Johannesburg.
  • Blignaut, L. (2017). A Petrographical and Geochemical Analysis of the Upper and Lower Manganese Ore Bodies from the Kalahari Manganese Deposit, Northern Cape, South Africa – Controls on Hydrothermal Metasomatism and Metal Upgrading. PhD thesis, Dep. Geology, Univ. Johannesburg, South Africa, 348 S.
  • Vafeas, N.A., Blignaut, L.C., Viljoen, K.S. and Meffre, S. (2018). New evidence for early onset of supergene alteration along the Kalahari unconformity. South African J. Geol., 121(2), 157-70.
  • Varentsov, I.M., V.N. Kuleshov (2019). Rare Elements—Markers of the Formation Setting of Manganese and Iron Ore Deposits in the Kalahari and Postmasburg Fields (South Africa): Communication 1. Kalahari Manganese Field. Lithology and Mineral Resources, Vol.54, Issue 4, S.333–49.
  • L. Blignaut; M.A. Elburg; K.S. Viljoen; A. Gerdes; H. Tsikos: Boron isotopes of Manganese ores from the northern part of the Kalahari Manganese Deposit, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology Vol. 127, Nr. 2 (2024) S. 421-432. doi:10.25131/sajg.127.0025

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IDs

GUSID (Global unique identifier short form) LLx5Us0zNUi7kjRxCHe6Mg
GUID (Global unique identifier) 5279BC2C-33CD-4835-BB92-34710877BA32
Database ID 1298