Zum Chaoit und Lonsdaleit habe ich die Beiträge für die von Joe Mandarino geplante, aber noch nicht erschienene (schon lange überfällig) "Enzyclopedia of Minerals" geschrieben. Ich kann hier die Texte reinstellen, sie sind aber in englisch.
Erstmal Lonsdaleit:
Lonsdaleite
C
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY: hexagonal, space group P63/mmc.
Unit cell data: a 2.51, c 4.12 Å, V 22.48 Å3, Z 4.
Class 6/mmm, c:a =1.641:1.
Morphology: No separate forms observed.
Twinning: not mentioned.
Crystal structure: Wurtzite structure (Bundy and Kasper 1967).
X-ray powder diffraction data: 2.18 (40) (100), 2.061 (100) (002), 1.933 (20) (101), 1.257 (60) (110), 1.075 (30) (112).
GENERAL APPEARANCE: Pseudomorphous after diamond cubes, intergrown with diamond, irregular and nodular aggregates.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Adamantine; transparent; pale yellowish brown.
Luminescence not mentioned.
Hardness and tenacity not given.
Cleavage none; fracture not given.
Density: > 3.20 g/cm3 (meas.), 3.55 g/cm3 (calc.).
OPTICAL PROPERTIES: Uniaxial (+), measured index of refraction slightly higher than 2.404, faintly birefrigent.
CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA: Electron-microprobe analysis gave no other elements than carbon (Frondel and Marvin 1967). The ideal formula requires: C 100.00 wt.%.
LOCALITIES: Canyon Diablo iron meteorite, Coconino County, Arizona, USA (Frondel and Marvin 1967). Allan Hills iron meteorite ALHA77283, Antarctica (Clarke et al. 1981). Ca-poor achondrite (ureilite) meteorites Novo Urei, Karamsinka (Russia), North Haig, Western Australia (Australia), Goalpara, Assam (India) (Vdovykin 1969), Haverö (Finland) (Vdovykin 1972), and Kenna, Roosevelt County, New Mexico (USA). Popigaï impakt structure, Northern Siberia, Russia (Boudeulle et al. 1999). In placers from unspecified localities in the southern and central parts of the Russian platform and Kazakhstan (Sokhor et al. 1973) and northern Yakutiya, Russia (Kaminskii et al. 1985). Shubino, Southern Ural and Sal’nyye Tundry, Kola Peninsula, Russia (Golovnya et al. 1977).
OCCURRENCE: Observed in the acid insoluble residue of the Canyon Diablo meteorite as pseudomorps after diamond cubes up to 0.7 mm in size, overgrown by graphite, and as microcrystalline nodular aggregates (carbonado), sometimes intergrown with diamond or graphite. The conversion to lonsdaleite is due to terrestrial or pre-terrestrial shock (Frondel and Marvin 1967). In microcrystalline aggregates as pre-terrestrial shock product in the ALHA77283 meteorite (Clarke et al. 1981). Intergrown with diamond, graphite and chaoite from the Haverö meteorite (Vdovykin 1972). Intergrown with diamond from strongly shocked gneiss clasts within impact melt rocks and suevites from the Popigaï structure (Boudeulle et al. 1999). From placers in Russia and Kazakhstan intergrown with diamond as irregular, flattened grains of 0.05 – 0.3 mm in size. Incorporated into the clastic sediments apparently as a result of the weathering of meteorites or the erosion of meteorite craters (Sokhor et al. 1973). From Southern Urals and Kola Peninsula in eclogites as flat or pseudohexagonal, polycrystalline grains up to 0.5 mm in size, apparently pseudomorphous after graphite, together with moissanite (Golovnya et al. 1977).
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER SPECIES: Polymorphous (allotropic) with diamond, graphite, and chaoite. Wurtzite-like structure.
NAME: For Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-1971), crystallographer, professor at the University of London, England.
COMMENTS: IMA approved.
REFERENCES:
Boudeulle, M., Koeberl, C., Langenhorst, F. and Masaitis, V.L. (1999) Diamond-graphite phase transitions in impact diamonds from the Popigaï structure (Russia). Journal of Conference Abstracts 4(1), L06, 1B/27
Bundy, F.P. and Kasper, J.S. (1967) Hexagonal diamond – a new form of carbon. Journal of Chemical Physics 46, 3437-3446.
Clarke Jr., R.S., Appleman, D.E. and Ross, D.R. (1981) An Antarctic iron meteorite contains preterrestrial impact-produced diamond and lonsdaleite. Nature 291, 396-398
Frondel, C. and Marvin, U.B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature 214, 587-589.
Golovnya, S.V., Khvostova, V.P. and Makarov, E.S. (1977) Hexagonal modification of diamond (lonsdaleite) in the eclogites of metamorphic complexes. Geochemistry International 14, 82-84.
Kaminskii, F.V., Blinova, G.K., Galimov, E.M., Gurkina, G.A, Klyuev, Yu.A., Kodina, L.A., Koptil, B.I., Kroivonos, V.F., Frolova, L.N. and Khrenov, A.Ya. (1985) Polikristallicheskie agregatyi almaza s lonsdeilitom iz rossyipei Yakutii. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 7, No. 1, 27-36.
Sokhor, M.I., Polkanov, Yu.A. and Yeremenko, G.K. (1973) A find of hexagonal polymorph of diamond (lonsdaleite) in placers. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 209, 118-121.
Vdovykin, G.P. (1969) Novaya geksagonal’naya modifikatsiya ugleroda v meteoritakh. Geokhimia, No. 9, 1145-1148.
Vdovykin, G.P. (1972) Forms of carbon in the new Haverö ureilite of Finland. Meteoritics 7, 547-552.
CONTRIBUTOR: Thomas Witzke, Aachen, Germany.
(c) Thomas Witzke, für Joe Mandarino (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Minerals