Was Wachstumsraten von Mn-Knollen und -Krusten angeht (ich beschäftige mich seit Längerem mit der Mineralogie und Genese metamorpher Mn-Lagerstätten und habe daher sehr viel Literatur zum Thema):
Yamaoka, K., Ma, L., Hishikawa, K., Usuia, A. (2017): Geochemistry and U-series dating of Holocene and fossil marine hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Izu-Ogasawara arc. Ore Geology Reviews 87, 114-125.
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U-Th dating of a Holocene hydrothermal manganese deposit from the Kaikata Seamount indicated 8.8 ± 0.94 ka for the uppermost layer and downward growth beneath the seafloor with a growth rate of ca. 2 mm/kyr. This is approximately three orders of magnitude faster than that of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts.
Tracey Conrad, James R. Hein, Adina Paytan, David A. Clague (2017): Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment. Ore Geology Reviews 87, 25-40.
This study examines Fe-Mn crusts that form on seamounts along the California continental-margin (CCM), within the United States 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone.
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Growth rates of CCM crusts generally increase with increasing water depth, likely due to deep-water Fe sources mobilized from reduced shelf and slope sediments.
E. Marino, F.J. González, L. Somoza, R. Lunar, L. Ortega, J.T. Vázquez, J. Reyes, E. Bellido (2017): Strategic and rare elements in Cretaceous-Cenozoic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province (northeastern tropical Atlantic). Ore Geology Reviews 87, 41-61.
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An earliest growth period, characterized by similar contents of Fe and Mn in the interval 27.8–24.45 Ma (late Oligocene-early Miocene) reflects slow precipitation related to a thick OMZ. An intermediate laminated zone with higher contents of Fe, Si and P, high growth rates reaching 4.5 mm/Ma, and precipitation of Fe-Mn oxides during the interval 24.5–16 Ma is related to periods of ventilation of the OMZ by intrusion of deep upwelling currents. Significant increase in Fe contents at ca. 16 Ma correlates with the onset of incursions of Northern Component Waters into the North Atlantic. Finally, since 12 Ma, the very low growth rates (< 0.5 mm/Ma) of the crust are related to a thick North Atlantic OMZ, an increase in Sahara dust input and a stable thermohaline circulation.
Keisuke Nishi, Akira Usui, Yoshio Nakasato, Hisato Yasuda (2017): Formation age of the dual structure and environmental change recorded in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from Northwest and Central Pacific seamounts. Ore Geology Reviews 87, 62-70.
Thick hydrogenetic ferromanganese (Fe Mn) crusts from the northwest and central Pacific seamounts often show a distinct dual structure composed of a typical hydrogenetic porous, friable upper part of Fe Mn oxides (Layer 1) and the underlying dense, hard phosphatized growth generation of Fe Mn oxides (Layer 2 in this study).
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The age model indicates fairly continuous growth from the substrate to the surface and fairly constant growth rates during the past 17 Ma. The growth rate from the Miocene to the present has varied by a factor of two, about 2–4 mm/Myr in Layer 1, while Layer 2 has similar but more variable growth rates than Layer 1.