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In­di­ca­tor stoneA Scandinavian indicator stone is a glacial erratic composed of a characteristic rock type derived from a small known source area in Scandinavia. This term not only applies to igneous and metamorphic rocks but also to some sedimentary rocks. The Jotnian Sandstone and most of the Palaeozoic limestones, and the Old Red Sandstone are not included in the definition, although the presence of these and other rocks provide some evidence about the source area(s) of erratics and should certainly not be neglected in a stone count. In all cases we recommend including the whole assemblage of erratics/stones in such account. This makes it possible to use several methods of Interpretation. However, it should be pointed out that the practise used in the past, whereby each researcher had her/his own method of interpreting stone counts, has proved to be unsatisfactory. We demonstrate on the bases of over 2000 counts of indicator stones that we have carried out on assemblages mostly from Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but also from other N.German states and neighbouring countries, that the TGZ method (LÜTTIG 1958) yields the most reliable results. In addition to this method, the sources of individual indicator stones may be plotted on a so-called circle map and can be integrated with possible source data and the relative frequencies of other erratics in the assemblage. Some rock types are more suitable as indicator stones then others. It is unwise to use clearly unsuitable rock types; this would considerably reduce the reliability of the method and lead to erroneous results.
A Scan­di­na­vian in­di­ca­tor stone is a gla­cial er­rat­ic com­posed of a char­ac­teris­tic rock type de­rived from a small known source area in Scan­di­navia. This term not on­ly ap­plies to ig­neous and me­ta­mor­ph­ic rocks but al­so to some sed­i­men­tary rocks. The Jot­nian Sand­s­tone and most of the Palaeo­zoic lime­s­tone ... moreA Scandinavian indicator stone is a glacial erratic composed of a characteristic rock type derived from a small known source area in Scandinavia. This term not only applies to igneous and metamorphic rocks but also to some sedimentary rocks. The Jotnian Sandstone and most of the Palaeozoic limestones, and the Old Red Sandstone are not included in the definition, although the presence of these and other rocks provide some evidence about the source area(s) of erratics and should certainly not be neglected in a stone count. In all cases we recommend including the whole assemblage of erratics/stones in such account. This makes it possible to use several methods of Interpretation. However, it should be pointed out that the practise used in the past, whereby each researcher had her/his own method of interpreting stone counts, has proved to be unsatisfactory. We demonstrate on the bases of over 2000 counts of indicator stones that we have carried out on assemblages mostly from Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but also from other N.German states and neighbouring countries, that the TGZ method (LÜTTIG 1958) yields the most reliable results. In addition to this method, the sources of individual indicator stones may be plotted on a so-called circle map and can be integrated with possible source data and the relative frequencies of other erratics in the assemblage. Some rock types are more suitable as indicator stones then others. It is unwise to use clearly unsuitable rock types; this would considerably reduce the reliability of the method and lead to erroneous results.
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The min­er­al fair end­ed suc­cess­ful­ly and the au­thor of this ar­ti­cle re­ceived on­ly pos­i­tive feed­back. Many deal­ers were ex­treme­ly sat­is­fied. Ac­cord­ing to the or­ganiz­er, 18,000 guests visit­ed the halls on Sa­t­ur­day alone. Both days were a hive of ac­tiv­i­ty and the nu­mer­ous chil­dren's at­trac­tions were wel ... moreThe mineral fair ended successfully and the author of this article received only positive feedback. Many dealers were extremely satisfied. According to the organizer, 18,000 guests visited the halls on Saturday alone. Both days were a hive of activity and the numerous children's attractions were well received. Parents were everywhere with their children to complete the geo-rally.

For mineral collectors, the usual dealers were on site, although some tables remained empty. There were no highlights from the scene or overflowing tables with identical material from new finds. However, one stand with an impressive selection of Germanite chunks was a welcome novelty.

The special exhibition “The Impossible Crystal” was a success. Even if not all the exhibits could be described as “impossible crystal”, all the pieces were of the best quality and well worth seeing. In the B halls, the author visited the “Young Designers”, including a student who presented cast silver jewelry in an organic design that showed off the embedded stones to their best advantage - an impressive piece of work...

Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
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Cop­per was one of the first me­t­als ev­er ex­tract­ed and used by hu­mans, and it has made vi­tal con­tri­bu­tions to sus­tain­ing and im­prov­ing so­ci­e­ty since the dawn of civ­i­l­iza­tion.
The me­t­al and its al­loys have been used for thou­sands of years. Cop­per was first used in coins and or­na­ments start­ing about ... moreCopper was one of the first metals ever extracted and used by humans, and it has made vital contributions to sustaining and improving society since the dawn of civilization.
The metal and its alloys have been used for thousands of years. Copper was first used in coins and ornaments starting about 8000 B.C., and at about 5500 B.C., copper tools helped civilization emerge from the Stone Age. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later shortened to сuprum.

The discovery that copper alloyed with tin produces bronze marked the beginning of the Bronze Age at about 3000 B.C.
Copper is easily stretched, molded, and shaped; is resistant to corrosion; and conducts heat and electricity efficiently. As a result, copper was important to early humans and continues to be a material of choice for a variety of domestic, industrial, and high-technology applications today.

Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite and malachite and have been widely used historically as pigments. ... a contribution by Peter Seroka
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Bei der γ-Spek­trome­trie han­delt es sich um ein rel­a­tiv kom­plex­es Messver­fahren, welch­es als Ergeb­nis die gemesse­nen Ereig­nisse als Funk­tion der γ-En­ergie aus­gibt. Da­durch ist es möglich, die im Messgut en­thal­te­nen Nuk­lide mit γ-Übergän­gen qual­i­ta­tiv und quan­ti­ta­tiv zu bes­tim­men. Für die Min­er­alo­gie ... moreBei der γ-Spektrometrie handelt es sich um ein relativ komplexes Messverfahren, welches als Ergebnis die gemessenen Ereignisse als Funktion der γ-Energie ausgibt. Dadurch ist es möglich, die im Messgut enthaltenen Nuklide mit γ-Übergängen qualitativ und quantitativ zu bestimmen. Für die Mineralogie ist es eigentlich die einzige, zerstörungsfreie Möglichkeit, die Aktivität und Nuklidzusammensetzung einer Stufe mit hoher Genauigkeit zu bestimmen (rechnerische Ermittlung der Efficiency vorausgesetzt).

Die hierzu benötigten Detektoren müssen also in der Lage sein, Ereignisse nach ihrer durch Wechselwirkung mit γ-Strahlung deponierten Energie aufzulösen. Da die Wechselwirkungswahrscheinlichkeit von γ-Quanten mit zunehmender Dichte und Kernladungzahl Z der Materie ansteigt, ist man bestrebt, für die γ-Spektrometrie entsprechende Detektoren einzusetzen. Diese sind hauptsächlich anorganische Szintillationsdetektoren (z.B. NaI(Tl)) oder Halbleiterdetektoren (z.B. HPGe)... ein Beizrag von Markus Noller
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