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Geolitho Foundation non-profit GmbH is the non-profit supporter of the Mineral Atlas (Mineralienatlas), the Lithotheque, the Geolitho Collection Management and the Marketplace and Store by collectors for collectors. The Foundation promotes public education in the field of mineralogy, geology, paleontology and mining by operating, maintaining and further expanding earth science projects.
 
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Un­ter den klas­sischen Fund­stellen für Azu­rit nimmt die Kupfer­er­zlager­stätte Chessy-les-Mines nord­west­lich von Ly­on eine ho­hen Stel­len­w­ert ein. Diese Azu­rite sind un­ter Samm­lern als "Ches­sylith" bekan­nt. Erst seit eini­gen Jahren kom­men aus Chi­na Stufen auf den Samm­ler­markt, die an die Stücke aus Ch­es ... moreUnter den klassischen Fundstellen für Azurit nimmt die Kupfererzlagerstätte Chessy-les-Mines nordwestlich von Lyon eine hohen Stellenwert ein. Diese Azurite sind unter Sammlern als "Chessylith" bekannt. Erst seit einigen Jahren kommen aus China Stufen auf den Sammlermarkt, die an die Stücke aus Chessy in etwa heranreichen. Chessy-Azurite besitzen bei Sammlern einen mindestens ebenso hohen Stellenwert wie Stücke aus Tsumeb, sind aber seltener und, in guter Qualität, unbezahlbar geworden. Funde werden, in bescheidenem Ausmaß, noch in den alten Halden getätigt. Die Größe der heute noch zu findenden Stücke haben in etwa den Durchmesser von Haselnüssen. Die Halden befinden sich in Privatbesitz und die Suche ist auf einen französischen Sammlerkreis begrenzt. Selten tauchen auf Börsen kleinere Stücke auf und Besitzer von Chessylithen trennen sich ...
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Ei­nen er­sten wichti­gen Schritt zur Ent­ste­hung des Variszischen Ge­birges stellte bere­its der Zer­fall des Su­perkonti­nents Ro­di­nia in mehrere Großkonti­nente im späten Neo­pro­tero­zoikum vor et­wa 750 Ma dar. Paläo­geo­graphische Un­ter­suchun­gen lassen da­rauf sch­ließen, dass sich im Ver­lauf der fol­gen­den 100 ... moreEinen ersten wichtigen Schritt zur Entstehung des Variszischen Gebirges stellte bereits der Zerfall des Superkontinents Rodinia in mehrere Großkontinente im späten Neoproterozoikum vor etwa 750 Ma dar. Paläogeographische Untersuchungen lassen darauf schließen, dass sich im Verlauf der folgenden 100 Ma zuerst Laurentia, Baltica (Osteuropäischer Kraton) und Sibirien, später auch eine Reihe kleinerer Terrane wie Avalonia und Armorica von Gondwana lösten und nach Norden drifteten. Zwischen diesen Kontinentplatten kam es zur Entstehung großer Ozeanbecken: dem Iapetus zwischen Laurentia und Baltica, dem Tornquist-Ozean zwischen Baltica und Avalonia und dem Rheischen Ozean. Auch Armorica war wahrscheinlich durch einen schmalen Ozean von Gondwana abgetrennt.
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In­di­ca­tor stoneA Scandinavian indicator stone is a glacial erratic composed of a characteristic rock type derived from a small known source area in Scandinavia. This term not only applies to igneous and metamorphic rocks but also to some sedimentary rocks. The Jotnian Sandstone and most of the Palaeozoic limestones, and the Old Red Sandstone are not included in the definition, although the presence of these and other rocks provide some evidence about the source area(s) of erratics and should certainly not be neglected in a stone count. In all cases we recommend including the whole assemblage of erratics/stones in such account. This makes it possible to use several methods of Interpretation. However, it should be pointed out that the practise used in the past, whereby each researcher had her/his own method of interpreting stone counts, has proved to be unsatisfactory. We demonstrate on the bases of over 2000 counts of indicator stones that we have carried out on assemblages mostly from Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but also from other N.German states and neighbouring countries, that the TGZ method (LÜTTIG 1958) yields the most reliable results. In addition to this method, the sources of individual indicator stones may be plotted on a so-called circle map and can be integrated with possible source data and the relative frequencies of other erratics in the assemblage. Some rock types are more suitable as indicator stones then others. It is unwise to use clearly unsuitable rock types; this would considerably reduce the reliability of the method and lead to erroneous results.
A Scan­di­na­vian in­di­ca­tor stone is a gla­cial er­rat­ic com­posed of a char­ac­teris­tic rock type de­rived from a small known source area in Scan­di­navia. This term not on­ly ap­plies to ig­neous and me­ta­mor­ph­ic rocks but al­so to some sed­i­men­tary rocks. The Jot­nian Sand­s­tone and most of the Palaeo­zoic lime­s­tone ... moreA Scandinavian indicator stone is a glacial erratic composed of a characteristic rock type derived from a small known source area in Scandinavia. This term not only applies to igneous and metamorphic rocks but also to some sedimentary rocks. The Jotnian Sandstone and most of the Palaeozoic limestones, and the Old Red Sandstone are not included in the definition, although the presence of these and other rocks provide some evidence about the source area(s) of erratics and should certainly not be neglected in a stone count. In all cases we recommend including the whole assemblage of erratics/stones in such account. This makes it possible to use several methods of Interpretation. However, it should be pointed out that the practise used in the past, whereby each researcher had her/his own method of interpreting stone counts, has proved to be unsatisfactory. We demonstrate on the bases of over 2000 counts of indicator stones that we have carried out on assemblages mostly from Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but also from other N.German states and neighbouring countries, that the TGZ method (LÜTTIG 1958) yields the most reliable results. In addition to this method, the sources of individual indicator stones may be plotted on a so-called circle map and can be integrated with possible source data and the relative frequencies of other erratics in the assemblage. Some rock types are more suitable as indicator stones then others. It is unwise to use clearly unsuitable rock types; this would considerably reduce the reliability of the method and lead to erroneous results.
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Ara­g­onite is a cal­ci­um car­bo­nate, chem­i­cal­ly iden­ti­cal with calcite. The min­er­al calcite, how­ev­er, dif­fers from Ara­g­onite due to its in­ter­nal crys­tal struc­ture. While the crys­tal sys­tem of calcite is trig­o­n­al, the sys­tem of ara­g­onite is rhom­bic. Dense mass­es of small ara­g­onite crys­tals are dif­fi­cul ... moreAragonite is a calcium carbonate, chemically identical with calcite. The mineral calcite, however, differs from Aragonite due to its internal crystal structure. While the crystal system of calcite is trigonal, the system of aragonite is rhombic. Dense masses of small aragonite crystals are difficult to distinguish from calcite, but they are larger, they show a distinct habit.

A lot of chapters in this portrait will give you much more details about this interesting mineral. Written and investigated by Peter Seroka. (Article in german)
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Olivine is not a se­parate min­er­al, but a mem­ber be­long­ing to the fors­terite-fay­alite mix­ing se­ries. Olivine be­longs to the olivin-groupe whose end-mem­bers are cal­cio-olivine and tephroite. Fors­terite is a mag­ne­si­um sil­i­cate; fay­alite an iron sil­i­cate. If com­mon­ly is spo­ken of olivine, it is usu­al­ly ... moreOlivine is not a separate mineral, but a member belonging to the forsterite-fayalite mixing series. Olivine belongs to the olivin-groupe whose end-members are calcio-olivine and tephroite. Forsterite is a magnesium silicate; fayalite an iron silicate. If commonly is spoken of olivine, it is usually a more or less iron-rich forsterite. The color of olivine is generally yellowish green, olive green to black. You will find much more interesting details in our portrait about this common mineral series.

Written and investigated by Peter Seroka. (Article in german)
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Weather­ing is a conti­nous pro­cess by which rocks are bro­ken down and de­com­posed by the ac­tion of hu­mid­i­ty (rain), wind, tem­per­a­ture changes, chem­i­cal agents, bac­te­ria and plants. Be­ing an in­te­gral part of the rocks cy­cle, weather­ing is the ini­tial stage to­wards de­nu­da­tion, which re­sults in gen­er­al l ... moreWeathering is a continous process by which rocks are broken down and decomposed by the action of humidity (rain), wind, temperature changes, chemical agents, bacteria and plants. Being an integral part of the rocks cycle, weathering is the initial stage towards denudation, which results in general lowering of the land surface. An essential feature is that it affects rocks in situ; no transportation is involved. This is the factor which dsitinguishes weathering from erosion. The two main types of weathering are mechanical and chemical. Climate plays a leading role in weathering, whereas chemical weathering is almost absent in arid regions. Effecrtive freeze-thaw cycles are confined to cold temperate and permafrost climates.

Erosion is part of the process of denudation which involves the wearing away of land surface by mechanical action of transported debris. Main cycles of erosion are glaciers, wind erosion, marine erosion.
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