Mineralienatlas (name for mineral atlas) is the platform for people interested in mineralogy, geology, palaeontology and mining since 2001. We operate a significant database for minerals, fossils, rocks and their localities. Mineralienatlas is not limited to a section. We bring together information and inform comprehensive.

To complete our information constantly, we need your support. With us, everyone can and should participate. Currently Mineralienatlas is used and expanded by 10530 members. Every month hundreds of thousands of visitors use our website as an information source.
 
Geolitho Foundation non-profit GmbH
Geolitho Foundation non-profit GmbH is the non-profit supporter of the Mineral Atlas (Mineralienatlas), the Lithotheque, the Geolitho Collection Management and the Marketplace and Store by collectors for collectors. The Foundation promotes public education in the field of mineralogy, geology, paleontology and mining by operating, maintaining and further expanding earth science projects.
 
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https://vfmg.de/der-aufschluss/
https://www.edelsteine-neuburg.de
https://www.lithomania.de
Mineralien Kalender
https://fossilsworldwide.de/
 
Cop­per was one of the first me­t­als ev­er ex­tract­ed and used by hu­mans, and it has made vi­tal con­tri­bu­tions to sus­tain­ing and im­prov­ing so­ci­e­ty since the dawn of civ­i­l­iza­tion.
The me­t­al and its al­loys have been used for thou­sands of years. Cop­per was first used in coins and or­na­ments start­ing about ... moreCopper was one of the first metals ever extracted and used by humans, and it has made vital contributions to sustaining and improving society since the dawn of civilization.
The metal and its alloys have been used for thousands of years. Copper was first used in coins and ornaments starting about 8000 B.C., and at about 5500 B.C., copper tools helped civilization emerge from the Stone Age. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later shortened to сuprum.

The discovery that copper alloyed with tin produces bronze marked the beginning of the Bronze Age at about 3000 B.C.
Copper is easily stretched, molded, and shaped; is resistant to corrosion; and conducts heat and electricity efficiently. As a result, copper was important to early humans and continues to be a material of choice for a variety of domestic, industrial, and high-technology applications today.

Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite and malachite and have been widely used historically as pigments. ... a contribution by Peter Seroka
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... Konkre­tio­nen wur­den in den ver­gan­ge­nen Jahrhun­derten oft als ge­ol­o­gische Ku­riositäten be­trachtet. Auf­grund der Vielzahl ungewöhn­lich­er For­men, Größen und Zusam­menset­zun­gen wur­den sie als Di­nosau­ri­er-Ei­er, Ti­er- oder Pflanzen­fos­silien (so­gen. Pseud­o­fos­silien), ex­trater­re­strisch­er Ab­fall oder selb ... more... Konkretionen wurden in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten oft als geologische Kuriositäten betrachtet. Aufgrund der Vielzahl ungewöhnlicher Formen, Größen und Zusammensetzungen wurden sie als Dinosaurier-Eier, Tier- oder Pflanzenfossilien (sogen. Pseudofossilien), extraterrestrischer Abfall oder selbst als vom Menschen erzeugte Artefakte interpretiert. Obwohl für all diese Fehlinterpretationen heute nurmehr ein Lächeln übrigblieb, gibt es immer noch Falschbezeichnungen, resp. unterschiedliche Begriffsdefinitionen, selbst (oder meist) in der geo-wissenschaftlichen Literatur. So werden nicht selten Knollen als Konkretionen ... Ein Beitrag von Peter Seroka
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The former "Eisen­ham­mer" (iron ham­mer) to He­im­buchen­thal has to show a very in­ter­est­ing his­to­ry. The ham­mer mill estab­lished at the be­gin­n­ing of the 18th cen­tu­ry reached at the end of the 18th cen­tu­ry in the pos­ses­sion of the fam­i­ly Rexroth un­der whose gui­dance the com­pany came to the full blos­som. ... moreThe former "Eisenhammer" (iron hammer) to Heimbuchenthal has to show a very interesting history. The hammer mill established at the beginning of the 18th century reached at the end of the 18th century in the possession of the family Rexroth under whose guidance the company came to the full blossom. The squires showed a high social engagement which was reflected in the reimbursement of the workers, but also in the enlargement of the entrance ways. In specially constructed schools up to 30 children were teaches on the hammer mill property. On one, from oaks surrounded cemetery the late squires and their members were buried. In 1891 the company was discontinued and the hammer mill was converted into a court estate. From the industrial monument all buildings except the great smithy are even today in a very good state.

(Full text in german)
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Die Primärelek­tro­nen des Elek­tro­nen­s­trahl stoßen Elek­tro­nen aus kern­na­hen Schalen der Atome der Probe her­aus. In die so ent­s­tan­de­nen Lück­en fall­en Elek­tro­nen aus weit­er vom Atom­k­ern ent­fer­nt lie­gen­den Elek­tro­nen­schalen. Die En­ergied­if­ferenz zwischen den bei­den hier­bei beteiligten Elek­tro­nen­schalen k ... moreDie Primärelektronen des Elektronenstrahl stoßen Elektronen aus kernnahen Schalen der Atome der Probe heraus. In die so entstandenen Lücken fallen Elektronen aus weiter vom Atomkern entfernt liegenden Elektronenschalen. Die Energiedifferenz zwischen den beiden hierbei beteiligten Elektronenschalen kann als "Charakteristische Röntgenstrahlung" emittiert werden und ist für jedes Element anders (die ebenfalls entstehende Röntgen-Bremsstrahlung interessiert hier nicht, wird aber in den Auswertungen berücksichtigt). Die Auswertung des Röntgenspektrums (Energie-Häufigkeits-Verteilung) erlaubt es, die Elementzusammensetzung einer Probe zu identifizieren und über die Intensität zu quantifizieren. Dazu wird die Röntgenstrahlung hinsichtlich ihrer Energie analysiert und die jeweilige Intensität der Spektrallinien gemessen. Da die Energie der Röntgenstrahlung von der Ordnungszahl der Atome abhängt (Moseley'sches Gesetz), kann anhand der Röntgenspektren auf die ... Ein Beitrag von Berthold Weber und Frank M.
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Edelsteintage Konstanz
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